Gambling
in Japan Introduction |
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Background
Information
Casinos
Grow in Tokyo
On a typical weekday night, the
streets on the west side of Tokyo's Shimbashi Station
are alive with activity. Jewelry salesmen hocking necklaces and
bracelets compete for sidewalk space with lottery ticket sales booths.
Taxis line up for fares. Salarymen slowly filter into the hostess
and snack clubs off the main streets.
Mixed in are middle-aged men wearing
advertising sandwich boards. They slowly pace the streets and sidewalks.
The boards are decorated with playing cards or roulette wheels.
Each board is for a different establishment. The boards promise
gambling action for as little as ¥10. Small maps give directions
to the location of each "game kingdom," or casino.
Today, legal gambling
in Japan is limited to horse, motorboat, bicycle, and motorbike
racing. A number of other activities, such as the lottery, pachinko,
and mahjong, are classified as "amusements" and are legal.
Strictly speaking Casinos are illegal in Japan.
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Yakuza's influence
Gambling in Japan |
How then is this activity possible?
Reikichi Sumiya, a yakuza expert and journalist, explains of their
existence, "Wherever there's gambling in Japan, there's the
yakuza."
But unlike days gone by, the yakuza's
involvement in gambling is not the big story. Rather, it is that
the whole industry is suffering. The situation is so severe that
it is even hitting the gangsters themselves. Sumiya relates, "Before
the yakuza boss drove a BMW. Today he drives a domestic."
On a national level, nearly half
of all racing operators lost money in fiscal 2000. Declining interest
and a staggering economy are to blame. This is a serious situation
because municipal governments have traditionally relied on profits
from these operations as part of their budgets. To fix these shortfalls,
legalized casinos are being proposed in Japan. But the ones now
operating illegally are pretty interesting in their own right.
Generally, the yakuza operate the
casinos and they are all illegal. Indeed, the yakuza and
gambling in Japan have become synonymous over the years. Even the
name "yakuza," which dates back to the eighteenth century,
has its origins in gambling. It comes from a hand in a card game
played with hanafuda
(flower cards). One losing combination in the game is the card numbers
8, 9, 3, or in Japanese: ya, ku, sa.
The casinos are loosely based on
the same exchange-of-goods-for-money principal as pachinko parlors.
Casino chips used in the gambling action are exchanged for cash
at a shop nearby. But that is where the similarities end.
The casinos are usually found in
the same sorts of buildings that accommodate hostess clubs and massage
parlors. Each casino is about as big as a bar or restaurant. Doormen
regulate customers by sticking to a strict "members only"
policy that usually prohibits foreigners.
One frequenter of the Shimbashi
casinos, Hideki Yamamoto (not his real name) says of the casino
business in general, "The police will go out and bust a different
place once a week. So each casino probably will have to close down
after one or two years. Then they will find a new location."
Because they are frequented by businessmen,
Tokyo's Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, and Roppongi areas have the
highest concentration of casinos. Yamamoto says that the police
have gotten more strict in these popular areas recently. Therefore,
some casino operations have moved to Shimbashi where the police
are not as prepared to deal with them.
To prevent from being on the receiving
end of an unfriendly visit from the police, the yakuza use a communication
system run through a network of scouts. Young apprentice yakuza
with mobile phones watch the moves of the officers at Atago Police
Station - the station responsible for Shimbashi. Yamamoto says,
"If the owner of the casino is given information that the police
are on the move, then the casino might close for a while."
As a result, Shimbashi's
streets may one month be filled with sandwich boards promoting blackjack,
baccarat, and roulette at such establishments as Millennium, Gold
Coast, and Paradise. However, the next month the action might just
be limited to Dior.
Most casinos are losing money. Since
the average casino patron succumbs to the odds, he winds up piling
up huge debts. A lot of times he accepts loans to keep playing.
But because of the tough economic times (and the fact that he continues
to lose) he is unable to repay the loans. Add to this the threat
of being closed down by the police and a grim situation develops.
Sumiya sums up the business by saying, "The risk is big."
Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara
has made the most noise on the legalized casino front by announcing
his intentions of constructing one or more casinos in hotels on
Tokyo's waterfront in Odaiba. Governors from Osaka, Hiroshima, and
Miyazaki are also in favor of considering casinos for their jurisdictions.
The hope is that a series of trendy,
fashionable, and exciting Las Vegas style casinos marketed to young
people would spur fresh interest in gambling and replenish government
coffers.
A preliminary estimate from the
Japan Casino Academy has indicated that between
¥50 billion and ¥120 billion in
tax revenue would be generated per year if six public casinos were
to open in Odaiba.
But will it happen? Ishihara would
first have to overturn Japan's law prohibiting gambling. Some seem
confident that his popularity and political clout will be enough
to get the measure approved in Tokyo. This will get the ball rolling
and many other parts of Japan will then have casinos as well.
Of the possibility, Sumiya warns
ominously, "In the Edo Period, a lot of people lost their homes
and sold their daughters into prostitution because of gambling losses.
That's why it was banned in the first place."
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